Total Credits:2including2 American Psychological Association,2 Association of Social Worker Boards,2 National Board of Certified Counselors,2 California Board of Registered Nurses
Structural racism or systemic oppression describes how racism is woven throughout current socio-economic and political systems, maintained by policies and procedures and standard operating practices, thereby reinforcing attitudes and beliefs sustaining racially based inequalities (Braveman et al., 2022). As such, structural racism implies and involves connections within and across multiple social systems at multiple levels involving health care, banking and financial systems, employment, education, and the criminal justice system (Gee & Hicken, 2021; Shelton et al., 2021). Moreover, the impact of structural racism, embodied as interrelated, interactive systems of inequity, extends across generations as a unified system of beliefs and values manifested as conscious and unconscious habits and social norms, represented as implicit biases, that in turn reinforce systemic racist behaviors and practices (Banaji et al., 2021; Groos et al., 2018; Payne & Hannay, 2021).
